When the daf drum is tilted forward, the rings can touch the skin to make a buzzing sound. Snapping the fingers against the head and shaking the frame creates additional rhythms.

 In Iran, Sufis use the daf as part of their Zikr (spiritual chanting) rituals.

Click to hear the Daf played

The solo-daf is used in solo performances and has a very strong sound, allowing the solo player to show off the virtuosity of their finger patterns.

The studio-daf is so constructed that it will not be sensitive to humidity and temperature changes, to prevent changes in tuning during a recording session. :

The orchestra-daf, unlike the solo daf, has a relatively mellow and warm sound so as not to overpower other instruments.

Musical Instruments of the Middle East