Middle East Encyclopedia

Encyclopedia of the Middle East

Index

MidEastWeb Middle East

A.H.

Abaya

Abbas, Mahmoud

Abbasid

Abduh, Muhammad

Absentee Property Law

Abu-Bakr

Achaemenid

Adhan

Aflaq, Michel

Afsharid

Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud

Ahura Mazda

Ahzab

Al-Afghani, Jamal_al-Din

Al-Andalus

Al-Aqsa

Al-Aqsa Intifada

Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades

Al-ar-ra'y

Al-asharatu-mubashshirun

Al-Banna, Hassan

Al-Futuwa (Al-Futtuwa)

Al-Najada

Al-Qaeda

Al-Quds

Al-Sa'iqa

Alawi

Ali

Alim

Aliya

Altalena

Amazigh

Andalus

Ansar

Arab

Arab Higher Committee

Arab League

Arabic

Arafat

Arafat, Yasser

Arsacid

Assad, Hafez

Asr

Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal

Ayyubid

Ba'ath

Bahai

Balfour Declaration

Barghouti, Marwan

Basij

Betar

Bilu

Bin Laden, Osama

Blood Libel

Bnei Akiva

British Mandate for Palestine

Burqa

Caliph

Caliphate

Chabad

Chador

Clean Break

Copt

Custodian of Absentee Property

Dar al Harb

Dar al Islam

Dawa

Dhimmi

Dhuhr

Dishdasha

DOP

Druze

Dunum (Donum, Dunam)

Egyptian Islamic Jihad

Eid

Fajr

Faqih

Fard

Fatah (Fateh)

Fatah Revolutionary Council

Fatimid

Fatwa

Fayyad, Salam

Ferdowsi

Fiqh

First Intifada

Futuwa (Futtuwa)

Gamaa al Islamiya

Gaza

Ghazi

Ghaznavid

Greater Israel

Gush Emunim

Hadith

Haganah

Hajj

Halacha

Halal

Hamas

Hanukkah

Haram

Hashomer

Hashomer Hatzair

Hebrew

Hechalutz

Hezbollah

Hijab

Hijra

Hirbeh

Hirbet Hizah (Hirbet Hizeh)

Hitnachlut

Ibn Khaldoun

Ijma

Ijtihad

Ikhwan

Imam

Intifada

Iran

Irgun

Isha'a

Islam

Islamism

Ismaili

Israel

Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades

Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, Sheikh

Jadid, Salah

Jalabiya

Janissary

Jerusalem

Jiftlik

Jihad

Jilbab

Jizya

Kaaba

Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruholla

Khoms

Koran

Kosher

Kurdistan

Kurds

Kutb, Sayyid

LEHI

Levant

Madh'hab

Maghreb (region)

Maghrib (prayer)

Mahdi

Mahlul

Mameluke

Mandatory Palestine

Marj al Taqlid

Mashriq

Matruka

Maududi, Abul ala

Mawali

Mawat

Mecca

Medina

Mesha

Middle East

Miri

Mohammed

Mujahedin (Mujahadeen)

Mujtahid

Muhammad

Mukhabarat

Mulk

Muqaddimah

Musha

Muslim

Muslim Brotherhood

Nakba

Najada

Nasser, Gamal Abdel

Nasserism

Nathan, Abie

National Religious Party

Niqab

Omar

Oslo Declaration of Principles

Ottoman Empire

Pahlavi

Palestine

Palestine Liberation Organization

Palestine Mandate

Palestinian Authority

Palestinian Islamic Jihad

Palestinian National Authority

Pan-Arabism

Parthia

Passover

Persia

PLO

PNA

Popular Resistance Committees

PRC

Qajar

Quran

Qurei, Ahmed

Qutb, Sayyid

Ramadan

Rida, Muhammad Rashid

Safavid

Saladin

Salafi (Salafism)

Salat

Samanid

Sassanid

Second Intifada

Seljuk

Sha'aria (Sharia)

Shahada

Shahid

Shahnameh

Shia

Sufism

Sunnah

Sunni

Syria

Takfir

Tanzim

Taqiyah

Taqlid

Tawriah

Thawb

Thobe

Ulema

Umar

Umayyad

Uthman

Wahhabi

Waqf

West Bank

Zakah (Zakat)

Zand

Zibah

Zionism

Zoroastrianism

 


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Encyclopedia of the Middle East

Note - This encyclopedia is a work in progress. It is far from complete and is being constructed and improved all the time. If you would like to contribute articles or expansions of existing articles, please contact news (at) mideastweb.org.  Suggestions and corrections are welcome. The concise version of this dictionary is at our Middle East Glossary.

Spelling - Spelling of words in Middle-Eastern languages is often arbitrary. There may be many variants of the same name or word such as Hezbollah, Hizbolla, Hisbolla or Husayn and Hussein. There are some conventions for converting words from Semitic languages such as Arabic and Hebrew There are numerous variant renderings of the same Arabic or Hebrew words, such as "Hizbollah," "Hisbulla" etc. It is not possible to find exact equivalents for several letters. 

Pronunciation - Arabic and Hebrew vowels are pronounced differently than in English. "o" is very short. The "a" is usually pronounced like the "a" in market, sometimes as the "a" in "Arafat."  The " 'A " is guttural.  " 'H "- the 'het ('Hirbeh, 'Hebron, 'Hisbollah') designates a sound somewhat similar to the ch in "loch" in Scots pronunciation, but made by touching the back of your tongue to the roof of your mouth. The CH should be pronounced like Loch, a more assertive consonant than 'het.

The "Gh" combination, and sometimes the "G," designate a deep guttural sound that Westerners may hear approximately as "r." The "r" sound is always formed with the back of the tongue, and is not like the English "r."

More information: Hebrew, Arabic

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